Clinical application of ABO blood typing.

BACKGROUND: The ABO blood group is closely related to clinical blood transfusion, transplantation, and neonatal hemolytic disease. It is also the most clinically significant blood group system in clinical blood transfusion. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to review and analyze the clinical application of the ABO blood group. METHODS: The most common ABO blood group typing methods in clinical laboratories are hemagglutination test and microcolumn gel test, while genotype detection is mainly adopted in clinical identification of suspicious blood types. However, in some cases, the expression variation or absence of blood type antigens or antibodies, experimental techniques, physiology, disease, and other factors affect the accurate determination of blood types, which may lead to serious transfusion reactions. RESULTS: The mistakes could be reduced or even eliminated by strengthening training, selecting reasonable identification methods, and optimizing processes, thereby improving the overall identification level of the ABO blood group. ABO blood groups are also correlated with many diseases, such as COVID-19 and malignant tumors. Rh blood groups are determined by the RHD and RHCE homologous genes on chromosome 1 and are classified as Rh negative or positive according to the D antigen., the agglutination method is often used in clinical settings, while genetic and sequencing methods are often used in scientific research. CONCLUSION: Accurate ABO blood typing is a critical requirement for the safety and effectiveness of blood transfusion in clinical practice. Most studies were designed for investigating rare Rh blood group family, and there is a lack of research on the relationship between Rh blood groups and common diseases.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering as a potential strategy for wearable flexible sensing and point-of-care testing non-invasive medical diagnosis.

As a powerful and effective analytical tool, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has attracted considerable research interest in the fields of wearable flexible sensing and non-invasive point-of-care testing (POCT) medical diagnosis. In this mini-review, we briefly summarize the design strategy, the development progress of wearable SERS sensors and its applications in this field. We present SERS substrate analysis of material design requirements for wearable sensors and highlight the benefits of novel plasmonic particle-in-cavity (PIC)-based nanostructures for flexible SERS sensors, as well as the unique interfacial adhesion effect and excellent mechanical properties of natural silk fibroin (SF) derived from natural cocoons, indicating promising futures for applications in the field of flexible electronic, optical, and electrical sensors. Additionally, SERS wearable sensors have shown great potential in the fields of different disease markers as well as in the diagnosis testing for COVID-19. Finally, the current challenges in this field are pointed out, as well as the promising prospects of combining SERS wearable sensors with other portable health monitoring systems for POCT medical diagnosis in the future.